Alternating active-dormitive strategy enables overtaking by disadvantaged prey through Parrondo's paradox

TL;DR

This study uses mathematical models to show that prey switching between active and dormant states can paradoxically enable disadvantaged prey to outcompete predators, illustrating Parrondo's paradox in ecological systems.

Contribution

It demonstrates how alternating strategies of prey dormancy and activity can lead to survival and dominance, revealing a novel application of Parrondo's paradox in ecology.

Findings

Dormant prey can outcompete active prey through strategy alternation.

Prey dormancy stabilizes predator-prey dynamics in rich environments.

Large fluctuations in predator populations favor dormitive prey.

Abstract

Dormancy is a costly adaptive strategy that is widespread among living organisms inhabiting diverse environments. We explore mathematical models of predator-prey systems, in order to assess the impact of prey dormancy on the competition between two types of prey, a perennially active (PA) and capable of entering dormancy (dormitive). Both the active form and the dormant form of the dormitive prey are individually at a disadvantage compared to the PA prey and would go extinct due to their low growth rate, energy waste on the production of dormant prey, and inability of the latter to grow autonomously. However, the dormitive prey can paradoxically outcompete the PA prey with superior traits and even cause its extinction by alternating between the two losing strategies. This outcome recapitulates the game-theoretic Parrondo's paradox, where two losing strategies combine to achieve a winning outcome. We observed higher fitness of the dormitive prey in rich environments because a large predator population in a rich environment cannot be supported by the prey without adopting an evasive strategy, that is, dormancy. In such environments, populations experience large-scale fluctuations, which can be survived by dormitive but not by PA prey. Dormancy of the prey appears to be a natural evolutionary response to self-destructive over-predation that stabilizes evolving predator-prey systems through Parrondo's paradox.