Transformer-based unsupervised patient representation learning based on medical claims for risk stratification and analysis

TL;DR

This paper introduces TMAE, a Transformer-based unsupervised framework that learns comprehensive patient representations from medical claims data, improving risk stratification and analysis in healthcare.

Contribution

The study presents a novel Transformer-based autoencoder that models multimodal claims data, handles irregularities, and incorporates expenditure, outperforming previous methods in patient representation learning.

Findings

TMAE outperforms baseline models in clustering tasks.

Generated embeddings effectively stratify patient risk levels.

Framework scales well to large claims datasets.

Abstract

The claims data, containing medical codes, services information, and incurred expenditure, can be a good resource for estimating an individual's health condition and medical risk level. In this study, we developed Transformer-based Multimodal AutoEncoder (TMAE), an unsupervised learning framework that can learn efficient patient representation by encoding meaningful information from the claims data. TMAE is motivated by the practical needs in healthcare to stratify patients into different risk levels for improving care delivery and management. Compared to previous approaches, TMAE is able to 1) model inpatient, outpatient, and medication claims collectively, 2) handle irregular time intervals between medical events, 3) alleviate the sparsity issue of the rare medical codes, and 4) incorporate medical expenditure information. We trained TMAE using a real-world pediatric claims dataset containing more than 600,000 patients and compared its performance with various approaches in two clustering tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that TMAE has superior performance compared to all baselines. Multiple downstream applications are also conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of our framework. The promising results confirm that the TMAE framework is scalable to large claims data and is able to generate efficient patient embeddings for risk stratification and analysis.