Spitzer's Last Look at Extragalactic Explosions: Long-Term Evolution of Interacting Supernovae

TL;DR

This paper presents the final mid-infrared observations of supernovae from the Spitzer Space Telescope, analyzing dust origins, heating mechanisms, and circumstellar matter, with implications for understanding supernova evolution and progenitor systems.

Contribution

It provides the last mid-IR data from Spitzer on supernovae, revealing homogeneity in certain SN classes and new insights into circumstellar interactions and dust properties.

Findings

Mid-IR homogeneity of SNe Ia-CSM suggests common progenitors.

First mid-IR data for late-time interacting Type Ib SNe 2003gk and 2004dk.

Long-term mid-IR follow-up is crucial for understanding supernova environments.

Abstract

Here we present new - and, nevertheless, last - mid-infrared (mid-IR) data for supernovae (SNe) based on measurements with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Comparing our recent 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m photometry with previously published mid-IR and further multiwavelength datasets, we were able to draw some conclusions about the origin and heating mechanism of the dust in these SNe or in their environments, as well as on possible connection with circumstellar matter (CSM) originating from pre-explosion mass-loss events in the progenitor stars. We also present new results regarding both certain SN classes and single objects. We highlight the mid-IR homogeneity of SNe Ia-CSM, which may be a hint of their common progenitor type and of their basically uniform circumstellar environments. Regarding single objects, it is worth highlighting the late-time interacting Type Ib SNe 2003gk and 2004dk, for which we present the first-ever mid-IR data, which seem to be consistent with clues of ongoing CSM interaction detected in other wavelength ranges. Our current study suggests that long-term mid-IR follow-up observations play a key role in a better understanding of both pre- and post-explosion processes in SNe and their environments. While Spitzer is not available any more, the expected unique data from the James Webb Space Telescope, as well as long-term near-IR follow-up observations of dusty SNe, can bring us closer to the hidden details of this topic.