Tight universal triangular forms

TL;DR

This paper investigates the characterization of vectors that generate all integers above a certain threshold using sums of generalized m-gonal numbers, with a complete solution for the case of triangular numbers.

Contribution

It provides a complete classification of vectors generating all integers above a threshold using sums of triangular numbers, extending to generalized m-gonal numbers.

Findings

Characterization of vectors generating all integers ≥ n with m-gonal numbers.

Complete resolution for the case of triangular numbers.

Extension of results to generalized m-gonal numbers.

Abstract

For a subset $S$ of nonnegative integers and a vector $\mathbf{a}=(a_1,\dots,a_k)$ of positive integers, let $V'_S(\mathbf{a})=\{ a_1s_1+\cdots+a_ks_k : s_i\in S\} \setminus \{0\}$. For a positive integer $n$, let $\mathcal T(n)$ be the set of integers greater than or equal to $n$. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding all vectors $\mathbf{a}$ satisfying $V'_S(\mathbf{a})=\mathcal T(n)$, when $S$ is the set of (generalized) $m$-gonal numbers and $n$ is a positive integer. In particular, we completely resolve the case when $S$ is the set of triangular numbers.