Stellar dynamics in the periodic cube

TL;DR

This paper applies perturbation theory to stellar dynamics in a periodic cube, deriving key equations and comparing predictions with N-body simulations to enhance understanding of dynamical friction and collective modes.

Contribution

It introduces a time-dependent Volterra integral equation approach, deriving the Chandrasekhar formula, Lenard--Balescu equation, and explicit van Kampen modes for the system.

Findings

Validated perturbation theory predictions against N-body simulations.

Derived explicit expressions for dynamical friction and collective modes.

Provided a new decomposition of linear perturbations into van Kampen modes.

Abstract

We use the problem of dynamical friction within the periodic cube to illustrate the application of perturbation theory in stellar dynamics, testing its predictions against measurements from $N$-body simulation. Our development is based on the explicitly time-dependent Volterra integral equation for the cube's linear response, which avoids the subtleties encountered in analyses based on complex frequency. We obtain an expression for the self-consistent response of the cube to steady stirring by an external perturber. From this we show how to obtain the familiar Chandrasekhar dynamical friction formula and construct an elementary derivation of the Lenard--Balescu equation for the secular quasilinear evolution of an isolated cube composed of $N$ equal-mass stars. We present an alternative expression for the (real-frequency) van Kampen modes of the cube and show explicitly how to decompose any linear perturbation of the cube into a superposition of such modes.