A Unique Perfect Power Decagonal Number

TL;DR

This paper proves that among decagonal numbers, only the third decagonal number equals a perfect cube, extending known results for other polygonal numbers using advanced number theory techniques.

Contribution

It establishes the uniqueness of the perfect power decagonal number, specifically showing only ext{P}_{10}(3)=3^3 is such a number, using descent and modular methods.

Findings

Only ext{P}_{10}(3)=3^3 is a perfect power decagonal number.

The result extends previous classifications for other polygonal numbers.

Utilizes descent and modular techniques to prove the main theorem.

Abstract

Let $\mathcal{P}_s(n)$ denote the $n$th $s$-gonal number. We consider the equation \[\mathcal{P}_s(n) = y^m, \] for integers $n,s,y,$ and $m$. All solutions to this equation are known for $m>2$ and $s \in \{3,5,6,8,20 \}$. We consider the case $s=10$, that of decagonal numbers. Using a descent argument and the modular method, we prove that the only decagonal number $>1$ expressible as a perfect $m$th power with $m>1$ is $\mathcal{P}_{10}(3) = 3^3$.