Finite-temperature Hatree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory for exciton-polaritons

TL;DR

This paper develops a finite-temperature Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory for exciton-polaritons in microcavities, explaining their equilibrium condensation behavior, excitation spectrum, and critical temperatures, with implications for high-temperature polariton Bose-Einstein condensates.

Contribution

It introduces a self-consistent finite-temperature theoretical framework for exciton-polaritons, incorporating interactions, condensate depletion, and dark excitons, advancing understanding of their equilibrium properties.

Findings

Confirmed Bogoliubov sound velocity with experiments.

Defined critical temperatures for (quasi-)condensation.

Showed large detunings extend polariton lifetime to nanoseconds.

Abstract

Microcavity exciton-polaritons, known to exhibit non-equilibrium Bose condensation at high critical temperatures, can be also brought in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding medium and form a quantum degenerate Bose-Einstein distribution. It happens when their thermalization time in the regime of positive detunings -- or, alternatively, for high-finesse microcavities -- becomes shorter than their lifetime. Here we present the self-consistent finite-temperature Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov description for such a system of polaritons, universally addressing the excitation spectrum, momentum-dependent interactions, condensate depletion, and the background population of dark excitons that contribute to the system's chemical potential. Employing the derived expressions, we discuss the implications for the Bogoliubov sound velocity, confirmed by existing experiments, and define the critical temperatures of (quasi-)condensation and the integral particle lifetime dependencies on the detuning. Large positive detunings are shown to provide conditions for the total lifetime reaching nanosecond timescales. This allows realization of thermodynamically-equilibrium polariton systems with Bose-Einstein condensate forming at temperatures as high as tens of Kelvin.