LBT Reveals Large Dust Particles and a High Mass Loss Rate for K2-22 b

TL;DR

This study uses multi-wavelength photometry to determine that K2-22 b has large dust particles and a high mass loss rate, implying a short planetary lifetime and insights into its disintegration process.

Contribution

First simultaneous multi-band observations constrain dust particle sizes and mass loss rate, providing new insights into the disintegration mechanism of K2-22 b.

Findings

Median dust particle size > 0.5-1.0 microns

High mass loss rate ~3e8 kg/s

Planet lifetime < 370 million years

Abstract

The disintegrating planet candidate K2-22 b shows periodic and stochastic transits best explained by an escaping debris cloud. However, the mechanism that creates the debris cloud is unknown. The grain size of the debris as well as its sublimation rate can be helpful in understanding the environment that disintegrates the planet. Here, we present simultaneous photometry with the g band at 0.48 microns and KS band at 2.1 microns using the Large Binocular Telescope. During an event with very low dust activity, we put a new upper limit on the size of the planet of 0.71 earth radii or 4500 km. We also detected a medium-depth transit which can be used to constrain the dust particle sizes. We find that the median particle size must be larger than about 0.5 to 1.0 microns, depending on the composition of the debris. This leads to a high mass loss rate of about 3e8 kg/s that is consistent with hydrodynamic escape models. If they are produced by some alternate mechanism such as explosive volcanism, it would require extraordinary geological activity. Combining our upper limits on the planet size with the high mass loss rate, we find a lifetime of the planet of less than 370 Myr. This drops to just 21 Myr when adopting the 0.02 earth masses predicted from hydrodynamical models.