Remnant Black Hole Kicks and Implications for Hierarchical Mergers

TL;DR

This paper investigates the velocities imparted to black hole merger remnants, assessing their retention in star clusters and implications for hierarchical black hole mergers using gravitational-wave data.

Contribution

It quantifies black hole remnant kick velocities and retention probabilities in star clusters, highlighting the importance of these factors in hierarchical merger scenarios.

Findings

GW190814 provides the tightest constraint on kick velocity.

Star clusters with 200 km/s escape speed retain about 50% of GWTC-2 events.

Approximately 17 remnants could be retained in nuclear clusters, 2 in globular clusters.

Abstract

When binary black holes merge in dense star clusters, their remnants can pair up with other black holes in the cluster, forming heavier and heavier black holes in a process called hierarchical merger. The most important condition for hierarchical merger to occur is that remnants formed by mergers are retained by the host star cluster. Using the publicly available gravitational-wave event database, we infer the magnitudes of kick velocities imparted to the remnant black holes due to anisotropic emission of gravitational waves and use that to quantify the retention probability of each event as a function of the escape speed of the star cluster. Among the second gravitational-wave transient catalog (GWTC-2) events, GW190814 provides the tightest constraint on the kick magnitude with ${\rm V_{kick}}=74_{-7}^{+10}$ km/s at the 90% credible level. We find that star clusters with escape speeds of 200 km/s can retain about 50% of the events in the GWTC-2. Using the escape speed distributions of nuclear star clusters and globular clusters, we find that $\sim 17$ (2) remnants of GWTC-2 may be retained by the host star cluster if all GWTC-2 events occurred in nuclear (globular) clusters. Our study demonstrates the importance of folding in kick velocity inferences in future studies of hierarchical mergers.