One dimensional prominence threads: I. Equilibrium models

TL;DR

This paper develops equilibrium models of solar prominence threads considering gravity, radiative losses, thermal conduction, and heating, providing insights into their structure, stability, and the effects of partial ionization.

Contribution

It introduces detailed equilibrium solutions for prominence threads, including the effects of partial ionization and localized heating, advancing understanding of their thermal and structural properties.

Findings

Multiple condensations along magnetic field lines are possible.

Partial ionization significantly affects thermal balance and thread length.

Model parameters align with observational data when radiative losses are reduced.

Abstract

Threads are the building blocks of solar prominences and very often show longitudinal oscillatory motions that are strongly attenuated with time. The damping mechanism responsible for the reported oscillations is not fully understood yet. To understand the oscillations and damping of prominence threads it is mandatory to investigate first the nature of the equilibrium solutions that arise under static conditions and under the presence of radiative losses, thermal conduction and background heating. This provides the basis to calculate the eigenmodes of the thread models. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations for hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium under the presence of gravity are solved using standard numerical techniques and simple analytical expressions are derived under certain approximations. The solutions to the equations represent a prominence thread, i.e., a dense and cold plasma region of a certain length that connects with the corona through a prominence corona transition region (PCTR). The solutions can also match with a chromospheric-like layer if a spatially dependent heating function localised around the footpoints is considered. We have obtained static solutions representing prominence threads and have investigated in detail the dependence of these solutions on the different parameters of the model. Among other results, we have shown that multiple condensations along a magnetic field line are possible, and that the effect of partial ionisation in the model can significantly modify the thermal balance in the thread and therefore their length. This last parameter is also shown to be comparable to that reported in the observations when the radiative losses are reduced for typical thread temperatures.