Identification of Poincare-gauge and multipolar nonrelativistic theories of QED

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that Poincare-gauge and multipolar nonrelativistic QED are fundamentally identical, resolving a long-standing controversy by clarifying that previous perceived inconsistencies were due to semantic differences.

Contribution

The paper provides a rigorous proof that Poincare-gauge and multipolar QED are equivalent, clarifying misconceptions and solidifying the theoretical foundation of multipolar QED.

Findings

Poincare-gauge and multipolar QED are identical.

Previous inconsistencies are due to semantic mismatches.

The results reinforce the validity of multipolar QED in quantum optics.

Abstract

For over six decades, quantum electrodynamics (QED) in multipolar form has been an invaluable tool for understanding quantum-scale atomic and molecular interactions. However, its relation to the Poincare-gauge has been a recent topic of controversy and debate. It was claimed by Rousseau and Felbacq in the article Scientific Reports 7, 11115 (2017) that Hamiltonian multipolar QED is not the same as Poincare-gauge QED and that it is not generally equivalent to Coulomb-gauge QED. This claim has subsequently been refuted, but since both sides of the debate appear technically sound, a clear reconciliation remains to be given. This task is of paramount importance due to the widespread use of multipolar QED in quantum optics and atomic physics. Here, unlike in other responses, we adopt the same method as Rousseau and Felbacq of using Dirac's constrained quantisation procedure. However, our treatment shows that Poincare-gauge and multipolar QED are identical. We identify the precise source of the apparent incompatibility of previous results as nothing more than a semantic mismatch. In fact there are no inconsistencies. Our results firmly and rigorously solidify the multipolar theory.