Fast generation of mock galaxy catalogues in modified gravity models with COLA

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that COLA simulations can efficiently produce accurate galaxy mock catalogues in modified gravity models, capturing key features in the redshift space power spectrum, with some limitations in velocity field accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a method to generate galaxy catalogues in MG models using COLA, with improved halo finding and calibration techniques, extending the HOD formalism to modified gravity.

Findings

COLA accurately reproduces matter power spectrum up to k ~ 1 h/Mpc

FoF halo finder with empirical mass conversion works well with COLA

MG signatures are detectable in redshift space power spectrum multipoles

Abstract

We investigate the viability of producing galaxy mock catalogues with COmoving Lagrangian Acceleration (COLA) simulations in Modified Gravity (MG) models employing the Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) formalism. In this work, we focus on two theories of MG: $f(R)$ gravity with the chameleon mechanism, and a braneworld model (nDGP) that incorporates the Vainshtein mechanism. We use a suite of full $N$-body simulations in MG as a benchmark to test the accuracy of COLA simulations. At the level of Dark Matter (DM), we show that COLA accurately reproduces the matter power spectrum up to $k \sim 1 h {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, while it is less accurate in reproducing the velocity field. To produce halo catalogues, we find that the ROCKSTAR halo-finder does not perform well with COLA simulations. On the other hand, using a simple Friends-of-Friends (FoF) finder and an empirical mass conversion from FoF to spherical over-density masses, we are able to produce halo catalogues in COLA that are in good agreement with those in $N$-body simulations. To consider the effects of the MG fifth force on the halo profile, we derive simple fitting formulae for the concentration-mass and the velocity dispersion-mass relations that we calibrate using ROCKSTAR halo catalogues in $N$-body simulations. We then use these results to extend the HOD formalism to modified gravity simulations in COLA. We use an HOD model with five parameters that we tune to obtain galaxy catalogues in redshift space. We find that despite the great freedom of the HOD model, MG leaves characteristic imprints in the redshift space power spectrum multipoles and these features are well captured by the COLA galaxy catalogues.