Classical Computer, Quantum Computer, and the G\"odel's theorem

TL;DR

This paper explores the fundamental differences between classical and quantum computers, emphasizing cloneability of information, critiques Penrose's G"odel-based argument about the brain, and discusses potential future computational paradigms.

Contribution

It clarifies the role of information cloneability in distinguishing classical from quantum computation and refutes Penrose's G"odel-based argument regarding the brain's nature.

Findings

Cloneability of information is key to classical computation.

Penrose's G"odel argument about the brain is flawed.

Discussion on potential ways to surpass quantum computing.

Abstract

I show that the cloneability of information is the key difference between classical computer and quantum computer. As information stored and processed by neurons is cloneable, brain (human or non-human) is a classical computer. Penrose argued with the G\"odel theorem that human brain is not classical. I demonstrate with an example why his argument is flawed. At the end, I discuss how to go beyond quantum computer.