A Simulation Study of Ultra-Relativistic Jets -- I. A New Code for Relativistic Hydrodynamics

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new high-accuracy relativistic hydrodynamics code based on advanced WENO schemes and tests it through simulations of ultra-relativistic jets, aiming to better understand their structures and dynamics.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel special relativistic hydrodynamics code utilizing WENO schemes, with extensive validation for simulating ultra-relativistic jets.

Findings

Validated the accuracy and robustness of the code.

Identified optimal numerical schemes for jet simulations.

Prepared the code for detailed jet structure analysis in a subsequent paper.

Abstract

In an attempt to investigate the structures of ultra-relativistic jets injected into the intracluster medium (ICM) and the associated flow dynamics, such as shocks, velocity shear, and turbulence, we have developed a new special relativistic hydrodynamic (RHD) code in the Cartesian coordinates, based on the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme. It is a finite difference scheme of high spatial accuracy, which has been widely employed for solving hyperbolic systems of conservation equations. The code is equipped with different WENO versions, such as the 5th-order accurate WENO-JS (Jiang & Shu 1996), WENO-Z, and WENO-ZA, and different time integration methods, such as the 4th-order accurate Runge-Kutta (RK4) and strong stability preserving RK (SSPRK), as well as the implementation of the equations of state (EOSs) that closely approximate the EOS of the single-component perfect gas in relativistic regime. In addition, it incorporates a high-order accurate averaging of fluxes along the transverse directions to enhance the accuracy of multi-dimensional problems, and a modification of eigenvalues for the acoustic modes to effectively control the carbuncle instability. Through extensive numerical tests, we assess the accuracy and robustness of the code, and choose WENO-Z, SSPRK, and the EOS suggested in Ryu et al. (2006) as the fiducial setup for simulations of ultra-relativistic jets. The results of our study of ultra-relativistic jets using the code is reported in an accompanying paper (Seo et al. 2021, Paper II).