Structure of Gibbs measures for planar FK-percolation and Potts models

TL;DR

This paper characterizes the structure of Gibbs measures for the 2D Potts and FK-percolation models, showing they are convex combinations of extremal measures, especially at phase transition points, with implications for various lattice types.

Contribution

It proves that all Gibbs measures for the 2D Potts and FK-percolation models are convex combinations of extremal measures, extending understanding at phase transition points and across different lattice structures.

Findings

Gibbs measures are convex combinations of extremal measures.

At first-order phase transition points, the structure is most complex with q+1 extremal measures.

Results apply to various lattice types and models, including loop O(n).

Abstract

We prove that all Gibbs measures of the $q$-state Potts model on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ are linear combinations of the extremal measures obtained as thermodynamic limits under free or monochromatic boundary conditions. In particular all Gibbs measures are invariant under translations. This statement is new at points of first-order phase transition, that is at $T=T_{c}(q)$ when $q>4$. In this case the structure of Gibbs measures is the most complex in the sense that there exist $q+1$ distinct extremal measures. Most of the work is devoted to the FK-percolation model on $\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ with $q\geq 1$, where we prove that every Gibbs measure is a linear combination of the free and wired ones. The arguments are non-quantitative and follow the spirit of the seminal works of Aizenman and Higuchi, which established the Gibbs structure for the two-dimensional Ising model. Infinite-range dependencies in FK-percolation (i.e., a weaker spatial Markov property) pose serious additional difficulties compared to the case of the Ising model. For example, it is not automatic, albeit true, that thermodynamic limits are Gibbs. The result for the Potts model is then derived using the Edwards-Sokal coupling and auto-duality. The latter ingredient is necessary since applying the Edwards-Sokal procedure to a Gibbs measure for the Potts model does not automatically produce a Gibbs measure for FK-percolation. Finally, the proof is generic enough to adapt to the FK-percolation and Potts models on the triangular and hexagonal lattices and to the loop $O(n)$ model in the range of parameters for which its spin representation is positively associated.