Internal calibration of Gaia BP/RP low-resolution spectra

TL;DR

This paper presents an internal calibration model for Gaia BP/RP low-resolution spectra, enabling the combination of multiple observations into a consistent mean spectrum despite the lack of calibration lamps and complex contamination issues.

Contribution

It introduces a novel internal calibration approach that models and combines Gaia spectra using basis functions and convolution kernels, accommodating instrumental variations over time.

Findings

Successfully combines multiple epoch spectra into a common mean spectrum.

Provides a calibration method adaptable to Gaia's unique observational challenges.

Enables comparison of sources observed under different conditions.

Abstract

The full third Gaia data release will provide the calibrated spectra obtained with the blue and red Gaia slit-less spectrophotometers. The main challenge when facing Gaia spectral calibration is that no lamp spectra or flat fields are available during the mission. Also, the significant size of the line spread function with respect to the dispersion of the prisms produces alien photons contaminating neighbouring positions of the spectra. This makes the calibration special and different from standard approaches. This work gives a detailed description of the internal calibration model to obtain the spectrophotometric data in the Gaia catalogue. The main purpose of the internal calibration is to bring all the epoch spectra onto a common flux and pixel (pseudo-wavelength) scale, taking into account variations over the focal plane and with time, producing a mean spectrum from all the observations of the same source. In order to describe all observations in a common mean flux and pseudo-wavelength scale, we construct a suitable representation of the internally calibrated mean spectra via basis functions and we describe the transformation between non calibrated epoch spectra and calibrated mean spectra via a discrete convolution, parametrising the convolution kernel to recover the relevant coefficients. The model proposed here is able to combine all observations into a mean instrument to allow the comparison of different sources and observations obtained with different instrumental conditions along the mission and the generation of mean spectra from a number of observations of the same source. The output of this model provides the internal mean spectra, not as a sampled function (flux and wavelength), but as a linear combination of basis functions, although sampled spectra can easily be derived from them.