Black hole induced spins from hyperbolic encounters in dense clusters

TL;DR

This paper investigates a new mechanism for spinning up primordial black holes in dense clusters through hyperbolic encounters, showing that significant spins can be induced depending on mass ratios and encounter parameters.

Contribution

It introduces a novel spin-up mechanism via hyperbolic encounters in dense clusters, expanding understanding of black hole spin evolution beyond mergers and accretion.

Findings

Maximum induced spin for equal mass black holes is 0.2.

Large mass ratios can induce spins up to 0.8.

Analytical expressions relate spin to velocity and impact parameter.

Abstract

The black holes that have been detected via gravitational waves (GW) can have either astrophysical or primordial origin. Some GW events show significant spin for one of the components and have been assumed to be astrophysical, since primordial black holes are generated with very low spins. However, it is worth studying if they can increase their spin throughout the evolution of the universe. Possible mechanisms that have already been explored are multiple black hole mergers and gas accretion. We propose here a new mechanism that can occur in dense clusters of black holes: the spin-up of primordial black holes when they are involved in close hyperbolic encounters. We explore this effect numerically with the Einstein Toolkit for different initial conditions, including variable mass ratios. For equal masses, there is a maximum spin that can be induced on the black holes, $\chi = a/m \leq 0.2$. We find however that for large mass ratios one can attain spins up to $\chi \simeq 0.8$, where the highest spin is induced on the most massive black hole. For small induced spins we provide simple analytical expressions that depend on the relative velocity and impact parameter.