The nozzle shock in tidal disruption events

TL;DR

This study investigates the nozzle shock in tidal disruption events using 2D simulations, revealing how gas dynamics near pericenter influence subsequent shocks and emissions, with implications for understanding TDE observations.

Contribution

It provides the first dedicated 2D simulation analysis of the nozzle shock in TDEs, highlighting the effects of black hole spin and relativistic factors on shock strength.

Findings

Gas moves ballistically near pericenter causing strong vertical compression.

Dissipation at the nozzle shock induces pressure rise and gas bounce.

Black hole spin significantly influences the strength of the self-crossing shock.

Abstract

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star gets torn apart by the strong tidal forces of a supermassive black hole, which results in the formation of a debris stream that partly falls back towards the compact object. This gas moves along inclined orbital planes that intersect near pericenter, resulting in a so-called "nozzle shock". We perform the first dedicated study of this interaction, making use of a two-dimensional simulation that follows the transverse gas evolution inside a given section of stream. This numerical approach circumvents the lack of resolution encountered near pericenter passage in global three-dimensional simulations using particle-based methods. As it moves inward, we find that the gas motion is purely ballistic, which near pericenter causes strong vertical compression that squeezes the stream into a thin sheet. Dissipation takes place at the resulting nozzle shock, inducing a rise in pressure that causes the collapsing gas to bounce back, although without imparting significant net expansion. As it recedes to larger distances, this matter continues to expand while remaining thin despite the influence of pressure forces. This gas evolution specifies the strength of the subsequent self-crossing shock, which we find to be more affected by black hole spin than previously estimated. We also evaluate the impact of general-relativistic effects, viscous dissipation, magnetic fields and radiative processes on the nozzle shock. This study represents an important step forward in the theoretical understanding of TDEs, bridging the gap between our robust knowledge of the fallback rate and the more complex following stages, during which most of the emission occurs.