The extremes of neutron richness

TL;DR

This paper reviews the quest to discover and understand extremely neutron-rich nuclei, which could significantly impact our knowledge of nuclear physics, neutron stars, and the fundamental nucleon interactions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the historical and current experimental and theoretical efforts to find and study neutron-rich nuclei beyond known limits.

Findings

Hints of neutron-rich nuclei have emerged in recent experiments.

Current projects are employing advanced experimental and theoretical methods.

Discovering these nuclei could reshape understanding of nuclear matter and neutron stars.

Abstract

A neutron star is pictured as a gigantic nucleus overwhelmed by the number of neutrons, unlike real atomic nuclei, that have a similar number of neutrons and protons. Is this true? What if we could find, or create nuclei without protons? How far can we go in neutron richness? Our common sense tells us that these neutral nuclei should not exist, but if they do they would change our knowledge on neutron stars, on the properties of nuclei in general, and ultimately on the nucleon-nucleon interaction itself, the building block of matter. This huge potential impact has pushed some ambitious nuclear physicists to search for them since the 1960s. The first positive hints appeared only in the XXI century, and nowadays several collaborations are trying to corner these weird objects and give a definite answer to this crucial question. In this \edit{review} we will go through this fascinating quest, that started with humble experiments and has now reached a stage of ambitious and sophisticated projects, both in experiment and theory.