Seeking echoes of circumstellar disks in Kepler light curves

TL;DR

This study investigates the potential of detecting circumstellar dust through light echoes of stellar flares in Kepler light curves, developing an algorithm and analyzing data to constrain dust mass around stars.

Contribution

The paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating disk properties from light echoes and applies it to Kepler data, providing initial mass constraints on circumstellar dust.

Findings

Average dust mass around Kepler stars is less than 10% of Earth's mass.

Stars with IR excess show higher potential for detectable echoes.

Catalog-averaged light curves can constrain debris disk masses.

Abstract

Light echoes of flares on active stars offer the opportunity for direct detection of circumstellar dust. We revisit the problem of identifying faint echoes in post-flare light curves, focusing on debris disks from on-going planet formation. Starting with simulations, we develop an algorithm for estimating the radial extent and total mass from disk echo profiles. We apply this algorithm to light curves from over 2,100 stars observed by NASA's Kepler mission, selected for multiple, short-lived flares in either the long-cadence or short-cadence data sets. While flux uncertainties in light curves from individual stars preclude useful mass limits on circumstellar disks, catalog-averaged light curves yield constraints on disk mass that are comparable to estimates from known debris disks. The average mass in micron- to millimeter-sized dust around the Kepler stars cannot exceed 10% of an Earth mass in exo-Kuiper belts or 10% of a Lunar mass in the terrestrial zone. We group stars according to IR excess, based on WISE W1-W3 color, as an indicator for the presence of circumstellar dust. The mass limits are greater for stars with strong IR excess, a hint that echoes are lurking not far beneath the noise in post-flare light curves. With increased sensitivity, echo detection will let time-domain astronomy complement spectroscopic and direct-imaging studies in mapping how, when, and where planets form.