Are all post-starbursts mergers? HST reveals hidden disturbances in the majority of PSBs

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution HST imaging to reveal that most post-starburst galaxies show disturbances indicative of mergers or internal processes, emphasizing the importance of detailed imaging in understanding galaxy evolution.

Contribution

It demonstrates that high-resolution imaging uncovers hidden disturbances in post-starburst galaxies, many of which are not detectable with lower-resolution surveys, and explores their implications for galaxy transformation.

Findings

88% of post-starbursts are more disturbed than regular galaxies

Disturbances fade over approximately 200-750 million years

High-resolution imaging is crucial for detecting small-scale disturbances

Abstract

How do galaxies transform from blue, star-forming spirals to red, quiescent early-type galaxies? To answer this question, we analyzed a set of 26 gas-rich, shocked post-starburst galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging in B, I, and H bands, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) i-band imaging of similar depth but lower resolution. We found that post-starbursts in our sample have intermediate morphologies between disk- and bulge-dominated (S\'ersic n$=1.7^{+0.3}_{-0.0}$) and have red bulges, likely due to dust obscuration in the cores. Majority of galaxies in our sample are more morphologically disturbed than regular galaxies (88%, corresponding to >3$\sigma$ significance) when observed with HST, with asymmetry and S\'ersic residual flux fraction being the most successful measures of disturbance. Most disturbances are undetected at the lower resolution of SDSS imaging. Although ~27% galaxies are clear merger remnants, we found that disturbances in another ~30% of the sample are internal, caused by small-scale perturbations or dust substructures rather than tidal features, and require high-resolution imaging to detect. We found a 2.8$\sigma$ evidence that asymmetry features fade on timescales ~200 Myr, and may vanish entirely after ~750 Myr, so we do not rule out a possible merger origin of all post-starbursts given that asymmetric features may have already faded. This work highlights the importance of small-scale disturbances, detected only in high-resolution imaging, in understanding structural evolution of transitioning galaxies.