Topological Insulators: An in-depth Review of their Use in Modelocked Fiber Lasers

TL;DR

This review explores the optical properties of topological insulators and their application as saturable absorbers in fiber lasers, enabling ultrashort pulse generation across various wavelengths.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of how TIs can be fabricated and integrated into fiber lasers, highlighting recent advancements and potential for high-harmonic pulse generation.

Findings

TI nanoparticles are effective in all-fiber mode-locked lasers

TIs can generate ultrashort pulses across visible to mid-infrared wavelengths

Current state-of-the-art TI-based saturable absorbers are reviewed

Abstract

Topological Insulators (TIs) exhibit exciting optical properties, which opens up a new pathway to generate ultrashort pulses from fiber lasers. Layered TIs display distinct saturable absorption property due to excited state absorption, as compared to their bulk structures. Moreover, the electronic structures of the films of TIs depend on the thickness of the films due to the quantum confinement of the electrons. By virtue of this, the nanoparticles of TIs play a key role in all-fiber modelocked laser. By tweaking the crystal structures of TIs, it is possible to generate ultrashort pulses across the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths. Starting from the crystal structures and density of states calculations, how different topological insulators can be fabricated and integrated as an efficient passive saturable absorber in all-fiber modelocked lasers with the capability of producing fundamental to high-harmonic pulse generation are described clearly in this review report. Moreover, this report reviews the current state-of-art of TI-based saturable absorbers and their applications in different regimes of modelocked fiber lasers.