Universal Entanglement Transitions of Free Fermions with Long-range Non-unitary Dynamics

TL;DR

This paper explores how long-range non-unitary dynamics affect entanglement phases in free fermion systems, revealing universal phase diagrams with critical phases characterized by subvolume entanglement scaling.

Contribution

It introduces a universal phase diagram for free fermions with long-range non-unitary dynamics, identifying critical phases with distinct entanglement scaling behaviors.

Findings

Identified two critical phases with subvolume entanglement scaling.

Demonstrated universality across different free-fermion models.

Connected phase behavior to measurement-induced phase transitions.

Abstract

Non-unitary evolution can give rise to novel steady states classified by their entanglement properties. In this work, we aim to understand its interplay with long-range hopping that decays with $r^{-\alpha}$ in free-fermion systems. We first study two solvable Brownian models with long-range non-unitary dynamics: a large-$N$ SYK$_2$ chain and a single-flavor fermion chain and we show that they share the same phase diagram. When $\alpha>0.5$, we observe two critical phases with subvolume entanglement scaling: (i) $\alpha>1.5$, a logarithmic phase with dynamical exponent $z=1$ and logarithmic subsystem entanglement, and (ii) $0.5<\alpha<1.5$, a fractal phase with $z=\frac{2\alpha-1}{2}$ and subsystem entanglement $S_A\propto L_A^{1-z}$, where $L_A$ is the length of the subsystem $A$. These two phases cannot be distinguished by the purification dynamics, in which the entropy always decays as $L/T$. We then confirm that the results are also valid for the static SYK$_2$ chain, indicating the phase diagram is universal for general free-fermion systems. We also discuss phase diagrams in higher dimensions and the implication in measurement-induced phase transitions.