Interventions with Inversity in Unknown Networks Can Help Regulate Contagion

TL;DR

This paper introduces two light-information strategies for network interventions that identify highly-connected nodes without full network knowledge, leveraging a new property called Inversity to optimize contagion control.

Contribution

The authors develop and analyze global and local strategies based on Inversity, enabling effective node selection in unknown networks for contagion mitigation.

Findings

Strategies achieve several-fold improvement in node degree over random selection.

In some networks, strategies reach 100-fold node degree improvement.

Fewer than 50% of nodes need immunization for effective contagion control.

Abstract

Network intervention problems often benefit from selecting a highly-connected node to perform interventions using these nodes, e.g. immunization. However, in many network contexts, the structure of network connections is unknown, leading to a challenge. We develop and examine the mathematical properties of two distinct informationally light strategies, a novel global strategy and local strategy, that yield higher degree nodes in virtually any network structure. We further identify a novel network property called Inversity, whose sign determines which of the two strategies, local or global, will be most effective for a network. We demonstrate that local and global strategies obtain a several-fold improvement in node degree relative to a random selection benchmark for generated and real networks (including contact, affiliation and online networks). In some networks, they achieve a 100-fold improvement. We show how these new strategies can be used to control contagion of an epidemic spreading across a set of village networks, finding that the strategies developed here require far fewer ($<50\%$) nodes to be immunized, relative to the random strategy baseline. Prior research has typically used the complete network structure to choose nodes for optimal seeding. The relevant network is often costly to collect, and is privacy-invasive, requiring knowing each person's network neighbors, and might not be possible to obtain for time-sensitive interventions. Our interventions are less invasive of individual privacy, since each selected node only needs to nominate some network neighbors for intervention, while mathematically guaranteed to provide better connected nodes.