Time- and Site-Resolved Kinetic NMR: Real-Time Monitoring of Off-Equilibrium Chemical Dynamics by 2D Spectrotemporal Correlations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel 2D spectro-temporal NMR technique that enables real-time, site- and time-resolved monitoring of off-equilibrium chemical reactions, providing detailed kinetic insights beyond traditional equilibrium NMR methods.

Contribution

The authors develop and demonstrate a new kinetic NMR method combining rapid mixing, flow, and spectroscopic imaging to capture off-equilibrium dynamics in real time.

Findings

High-resolution 2D kinetic NMR spectra obtained

Site- and time-resolved data consistent with literature

Method successfully applied to enzymatic reaction

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides detailed information pertaining to dynamic processes through line-shape changes, which have been traditionally limited to equilibrium conditions. However, there is a wealth of information to be gained by studying chemical reactions under off-equilibrium conditions -- e.g., in states that arise upon mixing reactants that subsequently undergo chemical changes -- and in monitoring the formation of reaction products in real time. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a time-resolved kinetic NMR experiment that combines rapid mixing techniques, continuous flow, and single-scan spectroscopic imaging methods, leading in unison to a new 2D spectro-temporal NMR correlation which provides high-quality kinetic information of off-equilibrium dynamics. These kinetic 2D NMR spectra possess a spectral dimension conveying with high resolution the individual chemical sites, correlated with a time-independent, steady-state spatial axis that delivers unique information concerning temporal changes along the chemical reaction coordinate. A comprehensive description of the kinetic and spectroscopic features associated to these spectro-temporal NMR analyses is presented, factoring in the rapid-mixing, the flow and the spectroscopic NMR imaging. An experimental demonstration of this method's novel aspects was carried out using an enzymatically catalyzed reaction, leading to site- and time-resolved kinetic NMR data that are in excellent agreement with control experiments and literature values.