Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge; energy considerations and fate of micropollutants during pilot scale processing

TL;DR

This study evaluates hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge at pilot scale, demonstrating energy efficiency and significant micropollutant destruction, with optimal conditions identified at 325°C for future industrial application.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive analysis of micropollutant fate during pilot-scale HTL of sewage sludge, including energy considerations and pollutant removal efficiency.

Findings

Positive energy return on investment at 300, 325, and 350°C, with 325°C being most beneficial.

Over 98% removal of most pharmaceuticals and biocides, except citalopram which requires higher temperature.

HTL effectively destroys micropollutants, supporting its use for sustainable sewage sludge valorization.

Abstract

The beneficial use of sewage sludge for valorization of carbon and nutrients is of increasing interest while micropollutants in sludge are of concern to the environment and human health. This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor at conditions expected to reflect future industrial installations. The processing is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, bio-crude yields and quality. The raw sludge and post-HTL process water and solid residues were analyzed extensively for micropollutants via HPLC-MS/MS for target pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, blood pressure medicine, antidepressants, analgesics, x-ray contrast media, angiotensin II receptor blockers, immunosuppressant drugs and biocides including triazines, triazoles, carbamates, a carboxamide, an organophosphate and a cationic surfactant. The results show that a positive energy return on investment was achieved for all three HTL processing temperatures of 300, 325 and 350 {\deg}C with the most beneficial temperature identified as 325 {\deg}C. The analysis of the HTL by-products, process water and solids, indicates that HTL is indeed a suitable technology for the destruction of micropollutants. However, due to the large matrix effect of the HTL process water it can only be stated with certainty that 9 out of 30 pharmaceuticals and 5 out of 7 biocides products were destroyed successfully (over 98% removal). One compound, the antidepressant citalopram, was shown to be moderately recalcitrant at 300 {\deg}C with 87% removal and was only destroyed at temperatures $\geq$325 {\deg}C ($>$99% removal). Overall, the results suggest that HTL is a suitable technology for energy efficient and value added sewage sludge treatment enabling destruction of micropollutants.