Cyclotrons and Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development and applications of cyclotrons and fixed field alternating gradient accelerators, highlighting their evolution, advantages, and ongoing research for future uses in science, medicine, and industry.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts, historical development, and current research status of cyclotrons and FFAs, emphasizing their significance and potential.

Findings

Higher energies achieved with sector focused isochronous cyclotrons

Active research on fixed field alternating gradient accelerators for future applications

The FFA is the most general concept among fixed field accelerators

Abstract

Due to its simplicity the classical cyclotron has been used very early for applications in sciency, medicine and industry. Higher energies and intensities were achieved through the concepts of the sector focused isochronous cyclotron and the synchro-cyclotron. Besides those the fixed field alternating gradient accelerator (FFA) represents the most general concept among these types of fixed field accelerators, and the latter one is actively studied and developed for future applications.