Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ Nanotubes with Optimized Spintronic Functionalities Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition

TL;DR

This paper presents a plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition method to create NiFe permalloy thin films and nanotubes with optimized magnetic properties for 3D spintronic and magnonic applications.

Contribution

It introduces a novel ALD process for ferromagnetic NiFe alloys, enabling the fabrication of high-quality nanotubes with tailored magnetic and spin-dynamic properties.

Findings

Achieved low Gilbert damping of 0.013 in NiFe films

Produced permalloy nanotubes with diameters around 150 nm

Demonstrated potential for GHz frequency spintronic devices

Abstract

Permalloy Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ is one of the key magnetic materials in the field of magnonics. Its potential would be further unveiled if it could be deposited in three dimensional (3D) architectures of sizes down to the nanometer. Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD, is the technique of choice for covering arbitrary shapes with homogeneous thin films. Early successes with ferromagnetic materials include nickel and cobalt. Still, challenges in depositing ferromagnetic alloys reside in the synthesis via decomposing the consituent elements at the same temperature and homogeneously. We report plasma-enhanced ALD to prepare permalloy Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ thin films and nanotubes using nickelocene and iron(III) tert-butoxide as metal precursors, water as the oxidant agent and an in-cycle plasma enhanced reduction step with hydrogen. We have optimized the ALD cycle in terms of Ni:Fe atomic ratio and functional properties. We obtained a Gilbert damping of 0.013, a resistivity of 28 $\mu\Omega$cm and an anisotropic magnetoresistance effect of 5.6 $\%$ in the planar thin film geometry. We demonstrate that the process also works for covering GaAs nanowires, resulting in permalloy nanotubes with high aspect ratios and diameters of about 150 nm. Individual nanotubes were investigated in terms of crystal phase, composition and spin-dynamic response by microfocused Brillouin Light Scattering. Our results enable NiFe-based 3D spintronics and magnonic devices in curved and complex topology operated in the GHz frequency regime.