Complexity dichotomy for List-5-Coloring with a forbidden induced subgraph

TL;DR

This paper establishes a complete complexity classification for List-5-Coloring on H-free graphs, showing polynomial solvability for certain classes and NP-completeness for others, advancing understanding of graph coloring problems.

Contribution

It proves polynomial-time solvability of List-5-Coloring for rP3-free graphs and provides a full dichotomy for H-free graphs, also demonstrating NP-completeness for k-Coloring on rP4-free graphs.

Findings

Polynomial-time algorithm for List-5-Coloring on rP3-free graphs

Dichotomy classification for List-5-Coloring based on forbidden subgraphs

NP-completeness of k-Coloring on rP4-free graphs for k≥5 and r≥2

Abstract

For a positive integer $r$ and graphs $G$ and $H$, we denote by $G+H$ the disjoint union of $G$ and $H$, and by $rH$ the union of $r$ mutually disjoint copies of $H$. Also, we say $G$ is $H$-free if $H$ is not isomorphic to an induced subgraph of $G$. We use $P_t$ to denote the path on $t$ vertices. For a fixed positive integer $k$, the List-$k$-Coloring Problem is to decide, given a graph $G$ and a list $L(v)\subseteq \{1,\ldots,k\}$ of colors assigned to each vertex $v$ of $G$, whether $G$ admits a proper coloring $\phi$ with $\phi(v)\in L(v)$ for every vertex $v$ of $G$, and the $k$-Coloring Problem is the List-$k$-Coloring Problem restricted to instances with $L(v)=\{1,\ldots, k\}$ for every vertex $v$ of $G$. We prove that for every positive integer $r$, the List-$5$-Coloring Problem restricted to $rP_3$-free graphs can be solved in polynomial time. Together with known results, this gives a complete dichotomy for the complexity of the List-$5$-Coloring Problem restricted to $H$-free graphs: For every graph $H$, assuming P$\neq$NP, the List-$5$-Coloring Problem restricted to $H$-free graphs can be solved in polynomial time if and only if $H$ is an induced subgraph of either $rP_3$ or $P_5+rP_1$ for some positive integer $r$. As a hardness counterpart, we also show that the $k$-Coloring Problem restricted to $rP_4$-free graphs is NP-complete for all $k\geq 5$ and $r\geq 2$.