Channels of Small Log-Ratio Leakage and Characterization of Two-Party Differentially Private Computation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the leakage in two-party protocols with no private inputs, using log-ratio distance to measure leakage, and characterizes the complexity of differentially private XOR computation, providing a nuanced understanding of weak OT amplification.

Contribution

It introduces a fine-grained analysis of protocol leakage using log-ratio distance and fully characterizes the complexity of differentially private XOR computation.

Findings

Protocols with accuracy $ heta(\epsilon^2)$ can be transformed into OT.

Protocols with accuracy $o(\epsilon^2)$ do not necessarily imply OT.

Results apply to both information-theoretic and computational settings.

Abstract

Consider a PPT two-party protocol $\pi=(A,B)$ in which the parties get no private inputs and obtain outputs $O^A,O^B\in \{0,1\}$, and let $V^A$ and $V^B$ denote the parties' individual views. Protocol $\pi$ has $\alpha$-agreement if $Pr[O^A=O^B]=1/2+\alpha$. The leakage of $\pi$ is the amount of information a party obtains about the event $\{O^A=O^B\}$; that is, the leakage $\epsilon$ is the maximum, over $P\in\{A,B\}$, of the distance between $V^P|OA=OB$ and $V^P|OA\neq OB$. Typically, this distance is measured in statistical distance, or, in the computational setting, in computational indistinguishability. For this choice, Wullschleger [TCC 09] showed that if $\alpha>>\epsilon$ then the protocol can be transformed into an OT protocol. We consider measuring the protocol leakage by the log-ratio distance (which was popularized by its use in the differential privacy framework). The log-ratio distance between X,Y over domain \Omega is the minimal $\epsilon>0$ for which, for every $v\in\Omega$, $log(Pr[X=v]/Pr[Y=v])\in [-\epsilon,\epsilon]$. In the computational setting, we use computational indistinguishability from having log-ratio distance $\epsilon$. We show that a protocol with (noticeable) accuracy $\alpha\in\Omega(\epsilon^2)$ can be transformed into an OT protocol (note that this allows $\epsilon>>\alpha$). We complete the picture, in this respect, showing that a protocol with $\alpha\in o(\epsilon^2)$ does not necessarily imply OT. Our results hold for both the information theoretic and the computational settings, and can be viewed as a "fine grained" approach to "weak OT amplification". We then use the above result to fully characterize the complexity of differentially private two-party computation for the XOR function, answering the open question put by Goyal, Khurana, Mironov, Pandey, and Sahai [ICALP 16] and Haitner, Nissim, Omri, Shaltiel, and Silbak [FOCS 18].