Simultaneous estimation of segmented telescope phasing errors and non-common path aberrations from adaptive optics corrected images

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel focal plane wavefront sensing method that simultaneously estimates segmented telescope phasing errors and non-common path aberrations from AO-corrected images, improving wavefront correction accuracy.

Contribution

The authors develop a technique using Phase Diversity to disentangle phasing errors and NCPA from AO images, enabling effective correction with minimal additional hardware.

Findings

Reliable disentanglement of phasing errors and NCPA from simulated and on-sky images.

Wavefront error reduction of up to 67% for phasing errors and 65% for NCPA.

Potential to improve the H-band Strehl ratio by up to 10% on Keck.

Abstract

We investigate the focal plane wavefront sensing technique, known as Phase Diversity, at the scientific focal plane of a segmented mirror telescope with an adaptive optics (AO) system. We specifically consider an optical system imaging a point source in the context of (i) an artificial source within the telescope structure and (ii) from AO-corrected images of a bright star. From our simulations, we reliably disentangle segmented telescope phasing errors from non-common path aberrations (NCPA) for both a theoretical source and on-sky, AO-corrected images where we have simulated the Keck/NIRC2 system. This quantification from on-sky images is appealing, as it's sensitive to the cumulative wavefront perturbations of the entire optical train; disentanglement of phasing errors and NCPA is therefore critical, where any potential correction to the primary mirror from an estimate must contain minimal NCPA contributions. Our estimates require a one-minute sequence of short-exposure, AO-corrected images; by exploiting a slight modification to the AO-loop, we find that 75 defocused images produces reliable estimates. We demonstrate a correction from our estimates to the primary and deformable mirror results in a wavefront error reduction of up to 67% and 65% for phasing errors and NCPA, respectively. If the segment phasing errors on the Keck primary are on the order of ~130 nm RMS, we show we can improve the H-band Strehl ratio by up to 10% by using our algorithm. We conclude our technique works well to estimate NCPA alone from on-sky images, suggesting it is a promising method for any AO-system.