Improved Treatment of Dark Matter Capture in White Dwarfs

TL;DR

This paper refines models of dark matter capture in white dwarfs, improving predictions of stellar heating and constraints on dark matter properties, especially for sub-GeV masses, by considering detailed stellar and particle physics effects.

Contribution

It introduces an advanced treatment of dark matter capture in white dwarfs, including realistic stellar structure, nuclear form factors, and relativistic electron effects, extending the mass range of detectable dark matter.

Findings

White dwarfs can probe sub-GeV dark matter masses beyond direct detection limits.

White dwarf heating constrains dark matter-electron scattering across all masses studied.

Limits from white dwarf observations surpass current electron recoil experiments.

Abstract

White dwarfs, the most abundant stellar remnants, provide a promising means of probing dark matter (DM) interactions, complimentary to terrestrial searches. The scattering of dark matter from stellar constituents leads to gravitational capture, with important observational consequences. In particular, white dwarf heating occurs due to the energy transfer in the dark matter capture and thermalisation processes, and the subsequent annihilation of captured dark matter. We consider the capture of dark matter by scattering on either the ion or the degenerate electron component of white dwarfs. For ions, we account for the stellar structure, the star opacity, realistic nuclear form factors that go beyond the simple Helm approach, and finite temperature effects pertinent to sub-GeV dark matter. Electrons are treated as relativistic, degenerate targets, with Pauli blocking, finite temperature and multiple scattering effects all taken into account. We also estimate the dark matter evaporation rate. The DM-nucleon/electron scattering cross sections can be constrained by comparing the heating rate due to dark matter capture with observations of cold white dwarfs in dark matter-rich environments. We apply this technique to observations of old white dwarfs in the globular cluster Messier 4, which we assume to be located in a DM subhalo. For DM-nucleon scattering, we find that white dwarfs can probe the sub-GeV mass range inaccessible to direct detection searches, with the low mass reach limited only by either evaporation or dominant DM annihilation to neutrinos, and can be competitive with direct detection in the $1-10^4$ GeV range. White dwarf limits on dark matter-electron scattering are found to outperform current electron recoil experiments over the full mass range considered, and extend well beyond the $\sim 10$ GeV mass regime where the sensitivity of electron recoil experiments is reduced.