Missing understanding of the phase factor between valence-electron and hole operators

TL;DR

This paper establishes the fundamental phase relationship between valence-electron and hole operators in semiconductors, clarifying their connection to quantum relativity and correcting misconceptions about orbital angular momentum in these systems.

Contribution

It provides the first rigorous derivation of the phase factor between valence-electron and hole operators in semiconductors, linking it to quantum relativistic concepts.

Findings

The phase factor matches that of particle-antiparticle in quantum relativity.

Holes are not naive antiparticles due to valence electrons.

Phase factor is essential for understanding bright excitons as spin-singlet states.

Abstract

This paper provides the long-missing foundation to connect semiconductor and atomic notations and to support results incorrectly obtained by doing as if semiconductor electrons possessed an orbital angular momentum. We here show that the phase factor between valence-electron destruction operator and hole creation operator is the same as the one between particle and antiparticle in quantum relativity, namely $\hat{a}_{m}=(-1)^{j-m} \hat{b}^\dag_{-m}$ provided that $m=(j,j-1\cdots,-j)$ labels the degenerate states of the $(2j+1)$-fold electron level at hand. This result is remarkable because $(i)$ the hole is definitely not a naive antiparticle due to the remaining valence electrons; $(ii)$ unlike atomic electrons in a central potential, semiconductor electrons in a periodic crystal do not have orbital angular momentum $\textbf{L}=\textbf{r}\wedge\textbf{p}$ nor angular momentum $\textbf{J}=\textbf{L}+\textbf{S}$. Consequently, $(j,m)$ for semiconductor electrons merely are convenient notations to label the states of a degenerate level. To illustrate the physical implications, we discuss the interband couplings between photons and semiconductor, in terms of valence electrons and of holes: the phase factor is crucial to establish that bright excitons are in a spin-singlet state.