Erosion of volatiles by micro-meteoroid bombardment on Ceres, and comparison to the Moon and Mercury

TL;DR

This study models meteoroid impacts on Ceres, revealing they are unlikely to produce its water exosphere or significantly alter its surface, with impacts being much less intense than on Mercury or the Moon.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed comparison of micro-meteoroid impact effects on Ceres relative to Mercury and the Moon using topography and impact modeling.

Findings

Ceres experiences minimal meteoroid impact effects compared to Mercury and the Moon.

Impact-driven surface turnover on Ceres occurs approximately every 1.25 million years.

Meteoroid impacts are unlikely to be the main source of Ceres' water exosphere.

Abstract

(1) Ceres, the largest reservoir of water in the main-belt, was recently visited by the Dawn spacecraft that revealed several areas bearing H$_2$O-ice features. Independent telescopic observations showed a water exosphere of currently unknown origin. We explore the effects of meteoroid impacts on Ceres considering the topography obtained from the Dawn mission using a widely-used micro-meteoroid model and ray-tracing techniques. Meteoroid populations with $0.01-2$ mm diameters are considered. We analyze the short-term effects Ceres experiences during its current orbit as well as long-term effects over the entire precession cycle. We find the entire surface is subject to meteoroid bombardment leaving no areas in permanent shadow with respect to meteoroid influx. The equatorial parts of Ceres produce $80\%$ more ejecta than the polar regions due to the large impact velocity of long-period comets. Mass flux, energy flux, and ejecta production vary seasonally by a factor of $3-7$ due to the inclined eccentric orbit. Compared to Mercury and the Moon, Ceres experiences significantly smaller effects of micro-meteoroid bombardment, with a total mass flux of $4.5\pm1.2\times10^{-17}$ kg m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. On average Mercury is subjected to a $50\times$ larger mass flux and generates $700\times$ more ejecta than Ceres, while the lunar mass flux is $10\times$ larger, and the ejecta generation is $30\times$ larger than on Ceres. For these reasons, we find that meteoroid impacts are an unlikely candidate for the production of a water exosphere or significant excavation of surface features. The surface turnover rate from the micro-meteoroid populations considered is estimated to be $1.25$ Myr on Ceres.