On the all-India rainfall index and sub-India rainfall heterogeneity

TL;DR

This study analyzes the relationships between the all-India rainfall index, regional rainfall variability, ENSO, and IOD over 120 years, revealing complex interactions and the influence of ENSO on IOD and AIRI.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of long-term rainfall variability modes and clarifies the influence of ENSO and IOD on the all-India rainfall index.

Findings

AIRI correlates with wet anomaly extent and rainy day count.

The primary rainfall variability mode is monopole linked to ENSO.

Removing ENSO influence reveals a stronger correlation between IOD and AIRI.

Abstract

We revisit long-standing controversies regarding relationships among the all-India rainfall index (AIRI), sub-India summer rainfall variations, El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) using 120-year sea surface temperature and high-resolution rainfall datasets. AIRI closely tracks with the spatial extent of wet anomalies and with the average across gridpoints in rainy day count. The leading rainfall variability mode is a monopole associated primarily with rainy day count and ENSO. The second mode is a tripole with same-signed loadings in the high-rainfall Western Ghats and Central Monsoon Zone regions and opposite-signed loadings in Southeastern India between. The IOD projects onto this tripole and, as such, is weakly correlated with AIRI. However, when the linear influence of ENSO is removed, the IOD rainfall regressions become quasi-homogeneously more positive, making the ENSO-residual IOD and AIRI timeseries significantly correlated.