Frequency Superposition -- A Multi-Frequency Stimulation Method in SSVEP-based BCIs

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel multi-frequency stimulation method for SSVEP-based BCIs that superimposes signals at different frequencies, increasing target options without additional constraints or specialized hardware.

Contribution

It introduces a superposition-based stimulation approach that expands target capacity and simplifies decoding in SSVEP BCIs, with no strict frequency constraints.

Findings

Effective increase in target number demonstrated

Single-step target identification achieved

Potential for self-paced BCIs shown

Abstract

The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is one of the most widely used modalities in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to its many advantages. However, the existence of harmonics and the limited range of responsive frequencies in SSVEP make it challenging to further expand the number of targets without sacrificing other aspects of the interface or putting additional constraints on the system. This paper introduces a novel multi-frequency stimulation method for SSVEP and investigates its potential to effectively and efficiently increase the number of targets presented. The proposed stimulation method, obtained by the superposition of the stimulation signals at different frequencies, is size-efficient, allows single-step target identification, puts no strict constraints on the usable frequency range, can be suited to self-paced BCIs, and does not require specific light sources. In addition to the stimulus frequencies and their harmonics, the evoked SSVEP waveforms include frequencies that are integer linear combinations of the stimulus frequencies. Results of decoding SSVEPs collected from nine subjects using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) with only the frequencies and harmonics as reference, also demonstrate the potential of using such a stimulation paradigm in SSVEP-based BCIs.