Dynamical avenues for Mercury's origin I: The lone survivor of a primordial generation of short-period proto-planets

TL;DR

This paper explores a scenario where Mercury is the sole survivor of a primordial group of proto-planets, formed through dynamical instability and destroyed in a way that leaves Mercury intact, supported by numerical simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a new dynamical pathway for Mercury's origin involving primordial proto-planets and their catastrophic destruction, which has not been previously detailed.

Findings

Mercury can be the last survivor of a primordial proto-planetary configuration.

Surviving Mercury analogs often undergo erosive impacts increasing Fe/Si ratio.

Venus likely experienced a late giant impact in this formation scenario.

Abstract

The absence of planets interior to Mercury continues to puzzle terrestrial planet formation models, particularly when contrasted with the relatively high derived occurrence rates of short-period planets around Sun-like stars. Recent work proposed that the majority of systems hosting hot super-Earths attain their orbital architectures through an epoch of dynamical instability after forming in quasi-stable, tightly packed configurations. Isotopic evidence seems to suggest that the formation of objects in the super-Earth mass regime is unlikely to have occurred in the solar system as the terrestrial-forming disk is thought to have been significantly mass-deprived starting around 2 Myr after CAI; a consequence of either Jupiter's growth or an intrinsic disk feature. Nevertheless, terrestrial planet formation models and high-resolution investigations of planetesimal dynamics in the gas disk phase occasionally find that quasi-stable proto-planets with masses comparable to that of Mars emerge in the vicinity of Mercury's modern orbit. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible for a primordial configuration of such objects to be cataclysmically destroyed in a manner that leaves Mercury behind as the sole survivor without disturbing the other terrestrial worlds. We use numerical simulations to show that this scenario is plausible. In many cases, the surviving Mercury analog experiences a series of erosive impacts; thereby boosting its Fe/Si ratio. A caveat of our proposed genesis scenario for Mercury is that Venus typically experiences at least one late giant impact.