Transient small-scale brightenings in the quiet solar corona: a model for campfires observed with Solar Orbiter

TL;DR

This study uses a 3D radiation MHD model to simulate small-scale transient brightenings called campfires in the quiet solar corona, revealing their magnetic origins and potential role in coronal heating.

Contribution

The paper presents the first self-consistent MHD simulation reproducing campfire-like brightenings and analyzes their magnetic reconnection-driven energization mechanisms.

Findings

Campfires last about 2 minutes and are loop-like structures.

They occur at heights of 2-5 Mm above the photosphere.

Most are energized by component reconnection between magnetic field bundles.

Abstract

Context. Recent observations by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter have characterized prevalent small-scale transient brightenings in the corona above the quiet Sun termed campfires. Aims. In this study we search for comparable brightenings in a numerical model and then investigate their relation to the magnetic field and the processes that drive these events. Methods. We use the MURaM code to solve the 3D radiation MHD equations in a box that stretches from the upper convection zone to the corona. The model self-consistently produces a supergranular network of the magnetic field and a hot corona above this quiet Sun. For the comparison with the model we synthesize the coronal emission as seen by EUI in its 174 {\AA} channel, isolate the seven strongest transient brightenings, and investigate (the changes of) the magnetic field in and around these in detail. Results. The transients we isolate have a lifetime of about 2 minutes and are elongated loop-like features with lengths around 1Mm to 4 Mm. They tend to occur at heights of about 2Mm to 5Mm above the photosphere a bit offset from magnetic concentrations that mark the bright chromospheric network and they reach temperatures of above 1 MK. With this they very much resemble the (larger) campfires found in observations. In our model most events are energised by component reconnection between (bundles of) field lines that interact at coronal heights. In one case we find that untwisting of a highly twisted flux rope initiates the heating. Conclusions. Based on our study we propose that the majority of campfire events found by EUI are driven by component reconnection and our model suggests that this process contributes significantly to the heating of the corona above the quiet Sun.