A full relativistic thin disc -- the physics of the plunging region and the value of the stress at the ISCO

TL;DR

This paper extends relativistic thin disc models through the ISCO by simulating particle inspiral, revealing a small but non-zero stress at the ISCO, which improves black hole parameter estimations from spectra.

Contribution

It introduces a new particle-in-disc technique to self-consistently model the plunging region, challenging the assumption of zero stress at the ISCO.

Findings

The inspiral completes 4-17 orbits before crossing the horizon.

The stress at the ISCO is small but non-zero, affecting luminosity and temperature.

The method resolves inaccuracies in turbulent heating inside the plunging region.

Abstract

The widely used Novikov-Thorne relativistic thin disc equations are only valid down to the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). This leads to an undetermined boundary condition at the ISCO, known as the inner stress of the disc, which sets the luminosity of the disc at the ISCO and introduces considerable ambiguity in accurately determining the mass, spin and accretion rate of black holes from observed spectra. We resolve this ambiguity by self-consistently extending the relativistic disc solution through the ISCO to the black hole horizon by calculating the inspiral of an average disc particle subject to turbulent disc forces, using a new particle-in-disc technique. Traditionally it has been assumed that the stress at the ISCO is zero, with material plunging approximately radially into the black hole at close to the speed of light. We demonstrate that in fact the inspiral is less severe, with several (~4-17) orbits completed before the horizon. This leads to a small non-zero stress and luminosity at and inside the ISCO, with a local surface temperature at the ISCO between ~0.15 and 0.3 times the maximum surface temperature of the disc, in the case where no dynamically important net magnetic field is present. For a range of disc parameters we calculate the value of the inner stress/surface temperature, which is required when fitting relativistic thin disc models to observations. We resolve a problem in relativistic slim disc models in which turbulent heating becomes inaccurate and falls to zero inside the plunging region.