Deleting, Eliminating and Decomposing to Hereditary Classes Are All FPT-Equivalent

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that for hereditary graph classes, various parameters related to graph decomposition are FPT-equivalent, linking their computation closely to the vertex-deletion problem, and providing conditions for uniform FPT algorithms.

Contribution

It establishes FPT-equivalence among elimination distance, ${f tw}_{ ext{H}}$, and vertex-deletion for hereditary classes, and identifies conditions for uniform FPT algorithms.

Findings

FPT algorithms for vertex-deletion imply FPT algorithms for ${f ed}_{ ext{H}}$ and ${f tw}_{ ext{H}}$

FPT-equivalence holds for hereditary classes satisfying mild conditions

Conditions for uniform FPT algorithms include CMSO-definability and efficient computation of membership relations

Abstract

For a graph class ${\cal H}$, the graph parameters elimination distance to ${\cal H}$ (denoted by ${\bf ed}_{\cal H}$) [Bulian and Dawar, Algorithmica, 2016], and ${\cal H}$-treewidth (denoted by ${\bf tw}_{\cal H}$) [Eiben et al. JCSS, 2021] aim to minimize the treedepth and treewidth, respectively, of the "torso" of the graph induced on a modulator to the graph class ${\cal H}$. Here, the torso of a vertex set $S$ in a graph $G$ is the graph with vertex set $S$ and an edge between two vertices $u, v \in S$ if there is a path between $u$ and $v$ in $G$ whose internal vertices all lie outside $S$. In this paper, we show that from the perspective of (non-uniform) fixed-parameter tractability (FPT), the three parameters described above give equally powerful parameterizations for every hereditary graph class ${\cal H}$ that satisfies mild additional conditions. In fact, we show that for every hereditary graph class ${\cal H}$ satisfying mild additional conditions, with the exception of ${\bf tw}_{\cal H}$ parameterized by ${\bf ed}_{\cal H}$, for every pair of these parameters, computing one parameterized by itself or any of the others is FPT-equivalent to the standard vertex-deletion (to ${\cal H}$) problem. As an example, we prove that an FPT algorithm for the vertex-deletion problem implies a non-uniform FPT algorithm for computing ${\bf ed}_{\cal H}$ and ${\bf tw}_{\cal H}$. The conclusions of non-uniform FPT algorithms being somewhat unsatisfactory, we essentially prove that if ${\cal H}$ is hereditary, union-closed, CMSO-definable, and (a) the canonical equivalence relation (or any refinement thereof) for membership in the class can be efficiently computed, or (b) the class admits a "strong irrelevant vertex rule", then there exists a uniform FPT algorithm for ${\bf ed}_{\cal H}$.