Minimal obstructions to $(\infty, k)$-polarity in cographs

TL;DR

This paper characterizes $( ext{infty},k)$-polar cographs by identifying minimal forbidden induced subgraphs for $k=2$ and $k=3$, advancing understanding of graph partitions and obstructions in cographs.

Contribution

It provides complete lists of forbidden induced subgraphs for $( ext{infty},2)$- and $( ext{infty},3)$-polar cographs, and offers a partial recursive method for general cases.

Findings

Complete forbidden subgraph lists for $k=2$ and $k=3$

Partial recursive construction for general $k$

Extension of results to $(s, ext{infty})$-polar cographs via complements

Abstract

A graph is a cograph if it does not contain a 4-vertex path as an induced subgraph. An $(s, k)$-polar partition of a graph $G$ is a partition $(A, B)$ of its vertex set such that $A$ induces a complete multipartite graph with at most $s$ parts, and $B$ induces the disjoint union of at most $k$ cliques with no other edges. A graph $G$ is said to be $(s, k)$-polar if it admits an $(s, k)$-polar partition. The concepts of $(s, \infty)$-, $(\infty, k)$-, and $(\infty, \infty)$-polar graphs can be analogously defined. Ekim, Mahadev and de Werra pioneered in the research on polar cographs, obtaining forbidden induced subgraph characterizations for $(\infty, \infty)$-polar cographs, as well as for the union of $(\infty, 1)$- and $(1, \infty)$-polar cographs. Recently, a recursive procedure for generating the list of cograph minimal $(s,1)$-polar obstructions for any fixed integer $s$ was found, as well as the complete list of $(\infty, 1)$-polar obstructions. In addition to these results, complete lists of minimal $(s, k)$-polar cograph obstructions are known only for the pair $(2, 2)$. In this work we are concerned with the problem of characterizing $(\infty, k)$-polar cographs for a fixed $k$ through a finite family of forbidden induced subgraphs. As our main result, we provide complete lists of forbidden induced subgraphs for the cases $k=2$ and $k=3$. Additionally, we provide a partial recursive construction for the general case. By considering graph complements, these results extend to $(s, \infty)$-polar cographs.