Quantum Oracle Separations from Complex but Easily Specified States

TL;DR

This paper explores how quantum states can provide computational advantages over classical strings, demonstrating separations in complexity through constrained states and proposing near-term experimental demonstrations of quantum advantage.

Contribution

It introduces methods to achieve quantum-classical separations with easily specified states and suggests experimental setups for near-term quantum computers.

Findings

Quantum state complexity can lead to computational separations.

Proposed experimental demonstration of quantum witness advantage.

Quantum-classical oracle separation observed in heavy output sampling.

Abstract

A foundational question in quantum computational complexity asks how much more useful a quantum state can be in a given task than a comparable, classical string. Aaronson and Kuperberg showed such a separation in the presence of a quantum oracle, a black box unitary callable during quantum computation. Their quantum oracle responds to a random, marked, quantum state, which is intractable to specify classically. We constrain the marked state in ways that make it easy to specify classically while retaining separations in task complexity. Our method replaces query by state complexity. Furthermore, assuming a widely believed separation between the difficulty of creating a random, complex state and creating a specified state, we propose an experimental demonstration of quantum witness advantage on near-term, distributed quantum computers. Finally, using the fact that a standard, classically defined oracle may enable a quantum algorithm to prepare an otherwise hard state in polynomial steps, we observe quantum-classical oracle separation in heavy output sampling.