Gaseous nebulae and massive stars in the giant HI ring in Leo

TL;DR

This study investigates the chemical composition and star formation activity in the Leo ring, revealing recent star formation, massive stars, and complex gas dynamics in this large intergalactic HI cloud.

Contribution

It provides detailed mapping of nebular lines and stellar populations in the Leo ring, highlighting recent star formation and the presence of massive stars in a previously thought primordial structure.

Findings

Presence of massive O7-type stars powering HII regions

Star formation rate density around 10^{-5} Msun/yr/kpc^2

Evidence of recent starbursts 2-7 Myr ago

Abstract

Chemical abundances in the Leo ring, the largest HI cloud in the local Universe, have recently been determined to be close or above solar, incompatible with a previously claimed primordial origin of the ring. The gas, pre-enriched in a galactic disk and tidally stripped, did not manage to form stars very efficiently in intergalactic space. We map nebular lines in 3 dense HI clumps of the Leo ring and complement these data with archival stellar continuum observations to investigate the slow building up of a sparse population of stars in localized areas of the ring. Individual young stars as massive as O7-types are powering some HII regions. The average star formation rate density is of order of 10^{-5} Msun/yr/kpc^2 and proceeds with local bursts a few hundred parsecs in size, where loose stellar associations of 500-1000 Msun occasionally host massive outliers. The far ultraviolet-to-Halpha emission ratio in nebular regions implies recent stellar bursts, from 2 to 7 Myr ago. The relation between the local HI gas density and the star formation rate in the ring is similar to what is found in dwarfs and outer disks with gas depletion times as long as 100~Gyrs. We find a candidate planetary nebula in a compact and faint Halpha region with [OIII]/Halpha line enhancement, consistent with the estimated mean stellar surface brightness of the ring. The presence of 1 kpc partial ring emitting weak Halpha lines around the brightest and youngest HII region suggests that local shocks might be the triggers of new star forming events.