Modes of a stellar system I: ergodic systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates the normal modes of ergodic stellar systems, providing formulas for their distribution functions and explaining the emergence of global distortions in N-body models, with implications for understanding cluster thermodynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of normal modes in ergodic stellar systems, linking them to the system's response and stability, and offers new formulas for mode distribution functions.

Findings

Normal modes are eigenfunctions of Antonov's operator in ergodic models.

Mode energies are positive and sum to the system's excitation energy.

Global distortions in N-body models are explained by mode interactions.

Abstract

The excursions of star clusters and galaxies around statistical equilibria are studied. For a stable ergodic model Antonov's Hermitian operator on six-dimensional phase space has the normal modes as its eigenfunctions. The excitation energy of the system is just the sum of the (positive) energies associated with each normal mode. Formulae are given for the DFs of modes, which are of the type first described by van Kampen rather than Landau, and Landau `modes' can be expressed as sums of van Kampen modes. Each van Kampen mode comprises the response of non-resonant stars to driving by the gravitational field of stars on a group of resonant tori, so its structure is sensitive to the degree of self gravity. The emergence of global distortions in N-body models when particles are started from an analytical equilibrium is explained in terms of the interplay of normal modes. The positivity of modal energies opens the way to modelling the thermal properties of clusters in close analogy with those of crystals.