Multiscale characterization of interfacial region in flexible rubber composites: initial structure and evolution upon thermal treatment

TL;DR

This study uses multiscale techniques to analyze how thermal treatment affects the structure and interfacial properties of rubber composites with a resorcinol formaldehyde latex layer, revealing increased rigidity and interphase size.

Contribution

It provides detailed multiscale insights into the structural evolution and mechanical property changes of the interfacial region in rubber composites upon thermal exposure.

Findings

Elastic modulus of RF and latex phases increased after thermal treatment.

Interphase region of over 280 nm was identified and remained stable.

Thermal-induced rigidity increase negatively impacted interfacial adhesion.

Abstract

To investigate the structural changes upon thermal treatment of resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) interfacial layer in rubber-cord flexible composite, a multiscale approach has been employed. High-resolution AFM mapping showed a significant increase of the modulus of the RF phase from 1.2 GPa to 2.3 GPa and latex phase (L) from 0.3 GPa to 0.8 GPa after a thermal exposure at 100{\deg}C for 10 days. The increase of the RF and L phases elastic modulus was correlated with the increase of the oxygen content in RFL layer based on the measurements by SEM-EDX. Besides by combining finite element simulations and AFM modulus profiling, the presence of an interphase region (over 280 nm) between the RFL and the rubber regions was identified and was not deteriorated by the thermal treatment. Peel adhesion testing revealed that the increase of RF and L phases rigidity after thermal treatment was detrimental for the interfacial adhesion of the rubber composite.