Vapor-solid-solid growth dynamics in GaAs nanowires

TL;DR

This study investigates the dynamics of vapor-solid-solid (VSS) growth in GaAs nanowires using in situ microscopy, revealing growth behaviors and enabling improved control over nanowire properties compared to vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of VSS growth dynamics in compound nanowires, comparing it with VLS growth under controlled temperature conditions.

Findings

VSS growth rate is similar or slightly slower than VLS.

Multiple layers can start forming before previous layers complete during VSS.

Controlling catalyst phase widens nanowire growth parameter options.

Abstract

Semiconductor nanowires are promising material systems for coming of age nanotechnology. The usage of the vapor solid solid (VSS) route, where the catalyst used for promoting axial growth of nanowire is a solid, offers certain advantages compared to the common vapor liquid solid (VLS) route (using liquid catalyst). The VSS growth of group-IV elemental nanowires have been investigated by other groups in situ during growth in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Though it is known that compound nanowire growth has different dynamics compared to monoatomic semiconductors, the dynamics of VSS growth of compound nanowires has not been understood. Here we investigate VSS growth of compound nanowires by in situ microscopy, using Au-seeded GaAs as a model system. The growth kinetics and dynamics at the wire-catalyst interface by ledge-flow is studied and compared for liquid and solid catalysts at similar growth conditions. Here the temperature and thermal history of the system is manipulated to control the catalyst phase. In the first experiment discussed here we reduce the growth temperature in steps to solidify the initially liquid catalyst, and compare the dynamics between VLS and VSS growth observed at slightly different temperatures. In the second experiment we exploit thermal hysteresis of the system to obtain both VLS and VSS at the same temperature. The VSS growth rate is comparable or slightly slower than VLS growth. Unlike in the VLS case, during VSS growth we see several occasions where a new layer starts before the previous layer is completely grown, i.e. multilayer growth. Understanding the VSS growth mode enables better control of nanowire properties by widening the range of usable nanowire growth parameters.