Low random duty-cycle errors in periodically-poled KTP revealed by sum-frequency generation

TL;DR

This study characterizes the poling quality of commercial ppKTP crystals, revealing low duty-cycle errors and suggesting significantly reduced noise in quantum frequency conversion compared to other materials.

Contribution

It provides the first large-range SFG efficiency measurements of ppKTP, demonstrating minimal duty-cycle errors and lower background noise than lithium niobate.

Findings

SFG efficiency nearly ideal over large phase mismatch range

Duty cycle errors estimated below 2% of domain length

Background noise substantially lower than in lithium niobate

Abstract

Low-noise quantum frequency conversion in periodically-poled nonlinear crystals has proved challenging when the pump wavelength is shorter than the target wavelength. This is - at least in large part - a consequence of the parasitic spontaneous parametric down-conversion of pump photons, whose efficiency is increased by fabrication errors in the periodic poling. Here we characterise the poling quality of commercial periodically-poled bulk potassium titanyl phosphate (ppKTP) by measuring the sum-frequency generation (SFG) efficiency over a large phase mismatch range from 0 to more than 400$\pi$. Over the probed range the SFG efficiency behaves nearly ideally and drops to a normalised efficiency of $10^{-6}$. Our results demonstrate that any background pedestal which would be formed by random duty cycle errors in ppKTP is substantially reduced when compared to periodically poled lithium niobate. The standard deviation of the random duty cycle errors can be estimated to be smaller than 2% of the domain length. From this, we expect a noise spectral density which is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that of current state-of-the-art single-step frequency converters.