The surface degradation and its impact on the magnetic properties of bulk VI_3

TL;DR

This study investigates the surface degradation of bulk VI_3, a ferromagnetic van der Waals material, and how it affects its magnetic and optical properties, providing practical stability insights for experimental use.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive analysis of VI_3's degradation process and practical methods to mitigate it, enhancing its usability in spintronic and optoelectronic applications.

Findings

Degradation accelerates with moisture exposure.

Surface remains optically stable for at least 5 minutes.

Degradation significantly affects magnetic transitions after ~2 hours.

Abstract

Despite belonging to a well-studied family of transition metal trihalides, VI_3 has received significant attention only recently. As a hard ferromagnetic van der Waals compound with a large coercivity, it attracted much attention because of its potential use in atomically thin spintronic and optoelectronic devices. However, practical exploration of VI_3 is challenging due to its instability under ambient conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive set of optical, x-ray diffraction, magnetization, and ellipsometric measurements of VI3 and demonstrate that, similarly to the related van der Waals ferromagnet CrI_3, the degradation process is accelerated by the presence of moisture. The VI_3 surface was covered by selected media commonly used in physical measurements to test its stability and lower the degradation rate three times or higher, providing practical information for experimentalists interested. The decomposition study at ambient conditions shows that the VI_3 single crystal can be used for most of the bulk, magnetization, and optical measurements without any noticeable change of physical properties, as the significant degradation appears first after ~ 2 hours of exposition as illustrated, e.g., by the evolution of the ferromagnetic T_1 and T_2 transitions. The ellipsometric measurement demonstrates that even the surface remains optically stable for at least 5 minutes.