Incompatible observables in classical physics: A closer look at measurement in Hamiltonian mechanics

TL;DR

This paper reveals that classical Hamiltonian physics exhibits a form of measurement incompatibility similar to quantum mechanics, challenging the notion that incompatibility is uniquely quantum and suggesting new perspectives on classical measurement and epistemology.

Contribution

It demonstrates a Heisenberg-like relation in classical physics involving Poisson brackets and introduces a classical analogue of quantum measurement models, showing incompatibility is not exclusive to quantum theory.

Findings

Classical measurements disturb non-Poisson-commuting observables

A finite apparatus-specific quantity q-bar plays a role similar to h-bar

Classical incompatibility can be modeled similarly to quantum measurement

Abstract

Quantum theory famously entails the existence of incompatible measurements; pairs of observables which cannot be simultaneously measured to arbitrary precision. Incompatibility is widely regarded to be a uniquely quantum phenomenon, linked to failure to commute of quantum operators. Even in the face of deep parallels between quantum commutators and classical Poisson brackets, no connection has been established between the Poisson algebra and any intrinsic limitations to classical measurement. Here I examine measurement in classical Hamiltonian physics as a process involving the joint evolution of an object-system and a finite-temperature measuring apparatus. Instead of the ideal measurement capable of extracting information without disturbing the system, I find a Heisenberg-like precision-disturbance relation: Measuring an observable leaves all Poisson-commuting observables undisturbed but inevitably disturbs all non-Poisson-commuting observables. In this relation the role of h-bar is played by an apparatus-specific quantity, q-bar. While not a universal constant, q-bar takes a finite positive value for any apparatus that can be built. I show that a classical version of Ozawa's model of quantum measurement, originally proposed as a means to violate the Heisenberg relation, does not violate the classical relation. Hence, incompatibility may prove to be a feature not only of quantum, but of classical physics too. This approach points the way to studying the Bayesian epistemology of classical physics, which was until now assumed to be trivial. It now seems possible that it is non-trivial and bears a resemblance to the quantum formalism. These findings may be of interest to researchers working on foundations of quantum mechanics, particularly for psi-epistemic interpretations. And there may be applications in the fields of precision measurement, nanoengineering and molecular machines.