Heat Generation and a Conservation Law for Chemical Energy in Lithium-ion Batteries

TL;DR

This paper develops a rigorous energy conservation law for Li-ion batteries based on the DFN model, enabling precise localization of energy losses and guiding improved cell design.

Contribution

It introduces a consistent theoretical framework for energy transport and losses in Li-ion cells, addressing limitations of previous theories.

Findings

Energy losses can be localized to seven specific regions within the cell.

The conservation law is validated through numerical simulations of drive cycles and discharges.

Cell design improvements can be guided by analyzing energy loss magnitudes in different regions.

Abstract

Present theories of irreversible energy losses and heat generation within Li-ion cells are unsatisfactory because they are not compatible with energy conservation. This work aims to provide a consistent theoretical treatment of energy transport and losses in such devices. An energy conservation law is derived from the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model of a Li-ion cell using a rigorous mathematical approach. The resulting law allows irreversible chemical energy losses to be located to seven different regions of the cell, namely: (i) the electrolyte, (ii) the anode particles, (iii) the cathode particles, (iv) the solid parts of the anode (ohmic losses), (v) the solid parts of the cathode (ohmic losses), (vi) the surfaces of the anode particles (polarisation losses), and (vii) the surfaces of the cathode particles (polarisation losses). Numerical solutions to the DFN model are used to validate the conservation law in the cases of a drive cycle and constant current discharges, and to compare the energy losses occurring in different locations. It is indicated how cell design can be improved, for a specified set of operating conditions, by comparing the magnitude of energy losses in the different regions of the cell.